Socio-economic outcome area 1

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people enjoy long and healthy lives

Nationally (based on the four jurisdictions with available data), Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males born in 2015–2017 are expected to live to 71.6 years, with females around 4 years longer. The gap in life expectancy compared to non-Indigenous people has narrowed for males and females since 2005–2007 (the baseline).

While this is an improvement, the national target is not on track to be met for males or females (noting this assessment should be used with caution as it is based on a limited number of data points). The average annual changes to date are 0.28 years per year for males and 0.18 for females, just over or around half of what is required (0.46 and 0.38 respectively) to meet the target.

Target 1	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Males
Progress	Level	Improvement	No assessment	Improvement	Improvement	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	Improvement	Improvement but not on track (National)
Baseline	Yrs	10.5	na	11.8	14.7	na	na	na	14.0	11.4	0
Current year	Yrs	9.3	na	7.8	13.4	na	na	na	11.5	8.6	0
Annual change	Yrs/yr	-0.12	No assessment	-0.40	-0.13	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	-0.25	-0.28	-0.46
Females
Progress	Level	Improvement	No assessment	Improvement	Improvement	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	Worsening	Improvement but not on track (National)
Baseline	Yrs	8.6	na	10.0	12.9	na	na	na	11.6	9.6	0
Current year	Yrs	7.6	na	6.8	12.0	na	na	na	12.8	7.8	0
Annual change	Yrs/yr	-0.10	No assessment	-0.32	-0.09	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	0.12	-0.18	-0.38

Nationally, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males and females born in major cities and regional areas had higher life expectancy, than those born in more remote areas, and higher life expectancy in the least disadvantaged socio-economic areas compared to the most disadvantaged areas.

Figure C.1 – Estimated life expectancy at birth of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 2015–2017
by sex, by remoteness area

Source: table CtG1A.2, ABS Life Tables for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.

Figure C.2 – Estimated life expectancy at birth of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, 2015–2017
by sex, by Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD) quintile

Source: CtG1A.3, ABS Life Tables for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.

Socio-economic outcome area 2

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children are born healthy and strong

Nationally in 2020, 89.0% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander babies born were of a healthy birthweight. This is an increase from 88.8% in 2017 (the baseline year).

While this is an improvement, the national target is not on track to be met (noting this assessment should be used with caution as it is based on a limited number of data points). The average annual change since the baseline is 0.12 percentage points (pp), which is around three quarters of what is required (0.16 pp) to meet the target.

Target 2	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress	Level	Worsening	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Worsening	Worsening	Improvement but not on track (National)
Baseline	%	90.4	88.8	89.1	86.9	88.4	88.5	88.6	85.6	88.8	91.0
Current year	%	89.9	89.5	89.4	88.0	89.8	90.1	87.7	83.8	89.0	91.0
Annual change	pp	-0.09	0.31	0.11	0.38	0.74	0.45	-0.47	-0.52	0.12	0.16

The proportions of babies born of a healthy birthweight were higher in major cities and regional areas compared to more remote areas, and higher for babies born in the least disadvantaged areas of Australia compared to the most disadvantaged areas. The proportions for boys and girls have remained relatively unchanged since the baseline year.

Figure C.4 – Proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander live-born singleton babies of healthy birthweight (2,500–4,499g)
by remoteness area, by year

Source: table CtG2A.3, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) (unpublished) National Perinatal Data Collection.

Figure C.5 – Proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander live-born singleton babies of healthy birthweight (2,500–4,499g)
by Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD) quintile, by year

Source: table CtG2A.4, AIHW (unpublished) National Perinatal Data Collection.

Socio-economic outcome area 3

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children are engaged in high quality, culturally appropriate early childhood education in their early years

Nationally in 2022, 99.2% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in the YBFS age cohort were enrolled in a preschool program. This is an increase from 76.7% in 2016 (the baseline year).

Nationally, the target shows good improvement and is on track to be met (noting this assessment is made with a high level of confidence). The average annual change is 3.72 percentage points (pp), which is almost twice what is required (2.03 pp) to meet the target.

Target 3	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress	Level	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Worsening	Good improvement and on track
Baseline	%	60.1	88.1	82.2	94.8	96.3	90.9	85.4	79.5	76.7	95.0
Current year	%	95.8	125.8	95.2	109.2	115.5	112.7	113.7	68.7	99.2	95.0
Annual change	pp	5.58	6.26	2.47	2.61	2.27	3.63	6.41	-1.12	3.72	2.03

In 2022, similar proportions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander boys and girls were enrolled in a YBFS preschool program.

Figure C.8 – Proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in the state-specific YBFS age cohort who are enrolled in a preschool program
by sex, by year

Source: table CtG3A.3, Derived from ABS (unpublished) Preschool Education Australia; ABS (unpublished) Estimates and Projections Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. YBFS = Year before full-time schooling.

Preschool enrolments in both major cities and regional areas have increased, while enrolments in remote and very remote areas have decreased. The data by the socio-economic status of the locality is currently only available for 2016, and shows that the enrolment rate was highest in the least disadvantaged areas. In 2022, the rates of disability were higher for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children enrolled in a state and territory government-funded preschool program in the YBFS, than for non-Indigenous children. Disability is defined differently across jurisdictions and the data is sourced from different data sources to the other data for this target.

Figure C.9 – Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in the state-specific YBFS age cohort who are enrolled in a preschool program, per 100 children aged 4 years in the community
by remoteness area, by year

Source: table CtG3A.5, Derived from ABS (unpublished) Preschool Education Australia; ABS (unpublished) Estimates and Projections Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. YBFS = Year before full-time schooling.

Socio-economic outcome area 4

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children thrive in their early years

Nationally in 2021, 34.3% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children commencing school were assessed as being developmentally on track in all five Australian Early Development Census (AEDC) domains. This is a decrease from 35.2% in 2018 (the baseline year).

Nationally, the target is worsening (noting this assessment should be used with caution as it is based on a limited number of data points). The average annual change is a decrease of 0.29 percentage points (pp), with an average annual increase of 1.52 pp required to meet the target.

Target 4	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress	Level	Worsening	Improvement	Improvement	Worsening	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Worsening	Worsening
Baseline	%	42.2	35.1	33.5	31.4	29.0	37.5	26.4	18.2	35.2	55.0
Current year	%	38.8	35.6	33.8	31.3	31.3	38.3	27.3	16.4	34.3	55.0
Annual change	pp	-1.14	0.17	0.11	-0.04	0.75	0.26	0.30	-0.60	-0.29	1.52

The proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children assessed as being developmentally on track when commencing school in 2021 was higher for girls (41.6%) than boys (27.1%). The proportion declined across areas as remoteness increased, with the largest decrease from remote to very remote areas. The proportion also declined for children living in more disadvantaged areas. Nationally in 2021, the proportions of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children commencing school with a medically diagnosed special need or who had been identified by teachers as requiring further assessment to determine if they have a developmental difficulty that affects their ability to do schoolwork in a regular classroom, had increased from 2018.

Figure C.11 – Proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children assessed as developmentally on track in all five domains of the AEDC
by remoteness area, by year

Source: table CtG4A.3, Australian Government Department of Education Skills and Employment Australian Early Development Census (AEDC).

Figure C.12 – Proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children assessed as developmentally on track in all five domains of the AEDC
by Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD) quintile, by year

Source: table CtG4A.4 Australian Government Department of Education Skills and Employment (unpublished) Australian Early Development Census (AEDC).

Socio-economic outcome area 5

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students achieve their full learning potential

Nationally in 2021, 68.1% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 20–24 years had attained a Year 12 or equivalent or above qualification (referred to here as Year 12 attainment). This is an increase from 63.2% in 2016 (the baseline year).

While there has been improvement, the national target is not on track to be met (noting this assessment should be used with caution as it is based on a limited number of data points). The average annual change is 0.98 percentage points (pp) which is less than half of what is required (2.19 pp) to meet the target.

Target 5	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress	Level	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement but not on track (National)
Baseline	%	64.3	69.6	69.5	57.4	61.4	62.7	77.4	37.5	63.2	96.0
Current year	%	69.3	72.6	75.0	61.1	64.6	68.1	82.1	40.2	68.1	96.0
Annual change	pp	1.01	0.60	1.09	0.73	0.63	1.07	0.94	0.53	0.98	2.19

Nationally in 2021, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander females had higher Year 12 attainment rates than males, with the female rate higher in 2016 and increasing more than for males. Since the baseline year, rates have increased in all socio-economic and remoteness areas, though by less than one percentage point in very remote areas. Attainment was highest in major cities and the least disadvantaged socio-economic areas of Australia, and declined as remoteness and location disadvantage increased. A lower proportion of people with a need for assistance with core activities had attained Year 12 compared with people who did not require assistance (64.3% and 69.6% respectively). Attainment was mainly driven by completion of schooling at Year 12 or equivalent (59.5%), compared to people who had not completed school but had obtained a non-school qualification at Certificate level III or above (8.6%).

Figure C.14 – Proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, aged 20–24 years, who have attained Year 12 or equivalent or above
by remoteness area, by year

Source: table CtG5A.3, ABS (unpublished) Census of Population and Housing.

Figure C.15 – Proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, aged 20–24 years, who have attained Year 12 or equivalent or above
by Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD) quintile, by year

Source: table CtG5A.4, ABS (unpublished) Census of Population and Housing.

Socio-economic outcome area 6

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students reach their full potential through further education pathways

Nationally in 2021, 47.0% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 25–34 years had completed non-school qualifications at Certificate level III or above. This is an increase from 42.3% in 2016 (the baseline year).

While there has been improvement, the national target is not on track to be met (noting this assessment should be used with caution as it is based on a limited number of data points). The average annual change of 0.95 percentage points (pp) is around half of what is required (1.85 pp) to meet the target.

Target 6	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress	Level	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement but not on track (National)
Baseline	%	48.3	56.5	42.4	33.8	39.8	47.0	62.1	18.1	42.3	70.0
Current year	%	54.1	58.5	47.2	37.1	42.2	51.2	64.7	19.0	47.0	70.0
Annual change	pp	1.15	0.40	0.97	0.67	0.48	0.85	0.52	0.18	0.95	1.85

Nationally in 2021, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander females had higher proportions who had completed non-school qualifications at Certificate level III or above than males, with the female rate of completion higher in 2016 and increasing more than for males. Rates were higher in major cities and the least socio-economically disadvantaged areas and declined as remoteness and location disadvantage increased. Since 2016, rates have increased across all areas, except very remote areas. People with a need for assistance with core activities had lower rates for completion of Certificate level III or above (28.5%) compared with people who did not require assistance (49.8%). Of people aged 25–34 who completed a Certificate level III or above, the most common qualification completed was Certificate level III or IV (around 3 in 5 of the completed qualifications).

Figure C.16 – Proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, aged 25–34 years, who have completed a non-school qualification of Certificate level III or above
by remoteness area, by year

Source: table CtG6A.3, ABS (unpublished) Census of Population and Housing.

Figure C.17 – Proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, aged 25–34 years, who have completed a non-school qualification of Certificate level III or above
by Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD) quintile, by year

Source: table CtG6A.4, ABS (unpublished) Census of Population and Housing.

Socio-economic outcome area 7

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth are engaged in employment or education

Nationally in 2021, 58.0% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15–24 years were fully engaged in employment, education or training. This is an increase from 57.2% in 2016 (the baseline year).

While there has been improvement, the national target is not on track to be met (noting this assessment should be used with caution as it is based on a limited number of data points). The average annual change of 0.17 percentage points (pp) is around one-quarter of what is required (0.65 pp) to meet the target.

Target 7	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress	Level	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Worsening	Improvement	Improvement	Worsening	Improvement but not on track (National)
Baseline	%	61.7	65.4	55.4	51.5	57.6	62.4	73.7	40.0	57.2	67.0
Current year	%	62.0	65.5	58.1	53.1	55.5	63.3	74.4	34.8	58.0	67.0
Annual change	pp	0.06	0.02	0.53	0.31	-0.42	0.18	0.14	-1.03	0.17	0.65

Nationally in 2021, a higher proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males were fully engaged in employment, education or training (59.2%) than females (56.9%). The proportion was highest for people aged 15 years (91.5%) and declined with each year of age to 19 years (42.9%), before remaining within a couple of percentage points to 24 years. Engagement decreased for people in areas with increasing remoteness and increasing socio-economic disadvantage. A lower proportion (44.8%) of people with a need for assistance with core activities were fully engaged compared with people who did not require assistance (59.0%). Most people fully engaged were engaged in full-time study.

Figure C.18 – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, aged 15–24 years, who are fully engaged in employment, education or training
by age, by year

Source: table CtG7A.3, ABS (unpublished) Census of Population and Housing.

Figure C.19 – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, aged 15–24 years, who are fully engaged in employment, education or training
by Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD) quintile, by year

Source: table CtG7A.5, ABS (unpublished) Census of Population and Housing.

Socio-economic outcome area 8

Strong economic participation and development of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and communities

Nationally in 2021, 55.7% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 25–64 years were employed. This is an increase from 51.0% in 2016 (the baseline year).

The national target shows improvement and is on track to be met (noting this assessment should be used with caution as it is based on a limited number of data points). The average annual change of 0.94 percentage points (pp) is above what is required (0.73 pp) to meet the target.

Target 8	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress	Level	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Worsening	Good improvement and on track
Baseline	%	54.6	57.3	52.1	44.7	46.4	59.0	70.1	35.4	51.0	62.0
Current year	%	59.6	62.0	57.2	49.8	50.1	62.4	73.0	34.3	55.7	62.0
Annual change	pp	1.00	0.94	1.04	1.01	0.74	0.69	0.58	-0.21	0.94	0.73

Nationally in 2021, the employment rate was higher for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males (57.7%) than females (53.8%), though this gap has narrowed since 2016. For people aged 25–64 years, rates were similar across the 5-year age groups up to 49 years, but declined for each 5-year age group thereafter. The rate was highest in major cities and the least disadvantaged socio-economic areas and declined as remoteness and location disadvantage increased. Since the baseline year, rates have increased in all areas, except for very remote areas with a decrease of less than one percentage point. The employment rate for people without a need for assistance with core activities (61.7%) was more than four times the rate for people with a need for assistance (14.2%).

Figure C.21 – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, aged 25–64 years, who are employed
by remoteness area, by year

Source: table CtG8A.4, ABS (unpublished) Census of Population and Housing.

Figure C.22 – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, aged 25–64 years, who are employed
by Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD) quintile, by year

Source: table CtG8A.5, ABS (unpublished) Census of Population and Housing.

Socio-economic outcome area 9

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people secure appropriate, affordable housing that is aligned with their priorities and need

Nationally in 2021, 81.4% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were living in appropriately sized (not overcrowded) housing. This is an increase from 78.9% in 2016 (the baseline year).

While there has been improvement, the national target is not on track to be met (noting this assessment should be used with caution as it is based on a limited number of data points). The average annual change is 0.51 percentage points (pp) which is below what is required (0.61 pp) to meet the target.

Target 9B is not able to be reported against as there is no data source currently available which includes all required data elements.

Target 9	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Target 9A
Progress	Level	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Worsening	Worsening	Improvement	Improvement but not on track (National)
Baseline	%	85.9	87.6	79.4	75.2	82.5	89.9	91.6	38.4	78.9	88.0
Current year	%	87.5	88.8	81.2	78.8	82.8	88.8	90.7	43.4	81.4	88.0
Annual change	pp	0.32	0.23	0.36	0.72	0.05	-0.22	-0.17	1.00	0.51	0.61
Target 9B
Progress	–	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment

Nationally in 2021, the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males and females living in appropriately sized housing was between 81–82%, having increased at similar rates from 2016. Rates were just under 80% for all age groups under 25 years, with rates increasing for older age groups peaking at 91.8% for those aged 65 years or over. The rate was highest in major cities and the least socio-economically disadvantaged areas, and declined as remoteness and location disadvantage increased, with the largest declines from remote to very remote areas and from the second most to the most disadvantaged areas. A higher proportion (85.5%) of people with a need for assistance with core activities lived in appropriately sized housing compared with people who did not require assistance (81.4%). More than half of people living in overcrowded dwellings required one extra bedroom.

Figure C.24 – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in appropriately sized (not overcrowded) dwellings
by remoteness area, by year

Source: table CtG9A.4, ABS (unpublished) Census of Population and Housing.

Figure C.25 – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in appropriately sized (not overcrowded) dwellings
by Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD) quintile, by year

Source: table CtG9A.5, ABS (unpublished) Census of Population and Housing.

Socio-economic outcome area 10

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults are not overrepresented in the criminal justice system

Nationally, at 30 June 2022, the age-standardised rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander prisoners was 2,151.1 per 100,000 adult population (or two in 100). This is an increase from 2,142.9 per 100,000 in 2019 (the baseline year).

Nationally, the target is worsening (noting this assessment should be used with caution as it is based on a limited number of data points). The average annual change is an increase of 16.03 per 100,000 people, with a decrease of 26.78 per 100,000 required to meet the target.

Target 10	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress	Level	Worsening	Improvement	Worsening	Improvement	Worsening	Improvement	Improvement	Worsening	Worsening
Baseline	Rate	1,868.9	2,114.3	1,814.5	3,581.8	2,395.5	729.7	1,703.9	2,450.8	2,142.9	1,821.5
Current year	Rate	1,878.3	1,605.1	2,046.9	3,213.6	2,451.0	682.1	1,543.8	2,771.7	2,151.1	1,821.5
Annual change	Rate	15.34	-146.25	95.08	-115.12	25.59	-9.98	-73.15	122.06	16.03	-26.78

Nationally the imprisonment rate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males is around ten times the rate for females, with the rate for males equivalent to around four in 100 and for females four in 1,000. Rates are highest for those aged 30–39 years, but rates for 25–39 year olds decreased from 2021 to 2022 and for 25–29 year olds are the lowest in four years and now below the rate for 40–44 year olds.

Figure C.27 – Age-standardised imprisonment rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults, per 100,000 people in the community
by sex, by year as at June 30

Source: table CtG10A.3, ABS Prisoners in Australia. AS = Age Standardised

Figure C.28 – Imprisonment rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults, per 100,000 people in the community
by age group, by year as at June 30

Source: table CtG10A.4, ABS (unpublished) Prisoners in Australia.

Socio-economic outcome area 11

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people are not overrepresented in the criminal justice system

Nationally in 2021-22, the rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people aged 10–17 years in detention on an average day was 28.3 per 10,000 young people. This is a decrease from 32.0 per 10,000 young people in 2018-19 (the baseline year).

Nationally, the target shows good improvement and is on track to be met (noting this assessment should be used with caution as it is based on a limited number of data points). The average annual change is a decrease of 1.36 per 10,000 young people which is more than one and a half times what is required (a decrease of 0.81 per 10,000 young people) to meet the target.

Target 11	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress	Level	Improvement	Improvement	No change (state level)	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	No change (state level)	Worsening	Good improvement and on track
Baseline	Rate	22.3	18.5	41.2	55.1	27.4	8.5	15.3	30.9	32.0	22.3
Current year	Rate	15.7	9.5	40.9	44.6	18.1	6.7	23.0	44.1	28.3	22.3
Annual change	Rate	-2.59	-3.34	–	-3.32	-3.21	-0.83	–	4.62	-1.36	-0.81

Figure C.30 – Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people in detention on an average day, per 10,000 young people in the community
by sex, by year

Source: table CtG11A.2, Derived from AIHW Youth justice in Australia, ABS Estimates and Projections.

Figure C.31 – Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander young people in detention on an average day, per 10,000 young people in the community
by age group, by year

Source: table CtG11A.3, Derived from AIHW Youth justice in Australia, ABS (unpublished) Estimates and Projections Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.

Rates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth in detention is higher for males than females (a ratio of around 8:1), and higher for 14–17 year olds than 10–13 year olds (a ratio of around 12:1). Rates by age and sex have moved in similar patterns over the four years of available data.

Socio-economic outcome area 12

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children are not overrepresented in the child protection system

Nationally, at 30 June 2022, the rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 0–17 years in out-of-home care was 56.8 per 1,000 children in the population. This in an increase from 54.2 per 1,000 children in 2019 (the baseline year). Nationally, the target is worsening (noting this assessment should be used with caution as it is based on a limited number of data points). The average annual change was an increase of 0.91 per 1,000 children, with an average annual decrease of 2.03 per 1,000 children required to meet the target.

Target 12	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress	Level	Improvement	Worsening	Worsening	Improvement	Worsening	Worsening	No change (state level)	Improvement	Worsening
Baseline	Rate	60.2	89.9	37.0	64.2	75.3	32.7	68.5	36.6	54.2	29.8
Current year	Rate	57.3	102.2	45.0	61.6	92.7	33.2	70.8	31.1	56.8	29.8
Annual change	Rate	-0.81	4.02	2.70	-1.01	5.74	0.27	–	-1.78	0.91	-2.03

Nationally, at 30 June 2022, the rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in out-of-home care was similar for males and females. Rates were higher for children aged 5–14 years, and in the most recent reporting period had continued to increase for those aged 10–14 years (decreases were reported for children in other age groups). Around one in five Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in out-of-home care had a reported disability. However, this proportion needs to be considered with caution as an even higher proportion of children had an unknown disability status reported.

Figure C.34 – Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, aged 0–17 years, in out-of-home care, per 1,000 children in the community
by sex, by year as at 30 June

Source: table CtG12A.2, Derived from AIHW (unpublished) Child protection Australia; ABS (unpublished) Estimates and Projections Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australia.

Figure C.35 – Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, aged 0–17 years, in out-of-home care, per 1,000 children in the community
by age group, by year as at 30 June

Source: table CtG12A.3, Derived from AIHW (unpublished) Child protection Australia; ABS (unpublished) Estimates and Projections Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.

Socio-economic outcome area 13

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families and households are safe

Nationally in 2018-19, 8.4% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander females aged 15 years or over experienced domestic physical or threatened physical harm. There is no new data available since 2018-19 (the baseline year), and therefore an assessment of progress is not available.

Target 13	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress		No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment
Baseline	%	10.0	7.5	6.4	9.0	7.2	8.3	7.4	7.5	8.4	4.2

There are currently no disaggregations reported for this target.

Socio-economic outcome area 14

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people enjoy high levels of social and emotional wellbeing

In 2021, the age-standardised suicide rate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people was 27.1 per 100,000 people (for NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT combined). This is an increase from 25.1 per 100,000 people in 2018 (the baseline year). There is no specified trajectory or expected timeline for achieving zero suicide. A target of a 75% reduction in the suicide rate is presented here.

Nationally, the age-standardised suicide rate is worsening (noting this assessment should be used with caution as it is based on a limited number of data points). There is no assessment of progress at the state and territory level as these rates are reported in five-year aggregates.

Target 14	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress	Level	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	Worsening
Baseline	Rate (AS)	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	25.1	6.3 (-75% shown)
Current year	Rate (AS)	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	27.1	6.3 (-75% shown)
Annual change	Rate (AS)	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	0.64	-1.45

Across states and territories, the rates have increased over time for two jurisdictions, with the rates fluctuating for three jurisdictions. The rates were highest for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 18–44 years and those living in remote and very remote areas. Over time, the rate for males has remained more than double the rate for females.

Figure C.37 – Age-standardised mortality rates due to suicide, per 100,000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
by jurisdiction, by year

Source: table CtG14A.2, ABS Causes of Death Australia. AS = Age Standardised

Figure C.38 – Mortality rates due to suicide, per 100,000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, total (NSW, Qld, WA, SA and the NT combined) 
by age group, by year

Source: table CtG14A.3, ABS Causes of Death Australia.

Socio-economic outcome area 15

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people maintain a distinctive cultural, spiritual, physical and economic relationship with their land and waters

As at 30 June 2022, 4,138,356 km² of the land mass of Australia and 91,111 km² of the sea country of Australia were subject to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’s rights or interests.

Nationally, the land mass target shows good improvement since 2020 (the baseline year) and is on track to be met, while the sea country target shows improvement since 2020 but is not on track to be met (noting these assessments should be used with caution as they are based on a limited number of data points). The average annual change in land mass is 114,984.5 km², which is almost twice what is required to meet the target (59,004). The average annual change for sea country is 429.5 km², which is around one-third of what is required to meet the target (1,354).

Target 15	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Target 15A
Progress	Level	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	No change (state level)	No change (state level)	Improvement	Good improvement and on track
Baseline	sq km	6,382	14,934	530,144	1,659,351	752,905	631	–	943,999	3,908,387	4,498,431
Current year	sq km	6,443	14,942	570,423	1,800,999	753,612	631	–	991,306	4,138,356	4,498,431
Annual change	sq km	30.50	4.00	20,139.50	70,824.00	353.50	–	–	23,653.50	114,984.50	59,004.00
Target 15B
Progress	Level	No change (state level)	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	Improvement	No change (state level)	No assessment	Improvement	Improvement but not on track (National)
Baseline	sq km	20	265	24,108	40,076	373	–	No assessment	3,249	90,252	103,790
Current year	sq km	20	267	24,829	40,147	437	–	No assessment	3,250	91,111	103,790
Annual change	sq km	–	1.00	360.50	35.50	32.00	–	No assessment	0.50	429.50	1,354.00

Disaggregations are not specified in the Agreement for this target other than by state and territory.

Socio-economic outcome area 16

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures and languages are strong, supported and flourishing

Nationally in 2018-19, there were 123 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages being spoken with 14 considered strong. There is no new data since 2018-19 (the baseline year), and therefore an assessment of progress is not available.

Target 16	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress		No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment
Baseline	No.	13	4	26	31	16	4	1	35	123	A sustained increase

There are currently no disaggregations reported for this target.

Socio-economic outcome area 17

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have access to information and services enabling participation in informed decision-making regarding their own lives

Nationally in 2014-15, 73.5% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15 years or over accessed the internet in their homes. There is no comparable data for non-Indigenous people. This means that estimating a trajectory to achieve parity is not currently possible. Also, there is no new data since 2014-15 (the baseline year). As a result, an assessment of progress is not available.

Target 17	Unit	NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tas	ACT	NT	Aust	National Target
Progress		No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment	No assessment
Baseline	%	79.9	89.5	76.1	66.0	73.4	85.0	91.1	40.9	73.5	Equal levels

There are currently no disaggregations reported for this target.

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2023 Report