Strengthening economic relations between Australia and New Zealand

• The Australian and New Zealand economies have become closely integrated, beyond what could be expected with any third country. This has been facilitated by institutional, legal and cultural similarities, as well as geographic proximity.
• Closer Economic Relations (CER) initiatives have contributed significantly to trans-Tasman integration over the past 30 years. Tariffs and quantitative restrictions have been eliminated on virtually all goods traded between the two countries; people move freely across the Tasman; and the CER agenda has expanded into new areas, such as services trade and behind-the-border regulatory barriers.
• The Commissions' assessment is that CER has produced benefits overall for Australia and New Zealand, even though evidence is limited in some areas.
• Barriers to further integration remain and new issues will emerge. Addressing them is becoming more challenging, as the focus shifts to more complex areas, including the regulation of services.
• To ensure that integration policies make the biggest contribution to both economies, future CER initiatives should continue to: be outward looking; take account of linkages with other agreements; and complement domestic policy improvement.
• A 'direction of travel' towards a single economic market has been characterised by Prime Ministers in terms of a seamless market in which people and businesses can have a 'domestic-like' experience in either country. How far Australia and New Zealand go in this direction should emerge from good public policy processes focused on the achievement of net benefits.
• This scoping study identifies more than 30 initiatives to promote beneficial integration. Most address regulatory barriers to services trade and commercial presence, and some remaining impediments to integration in goods, capital and labour markets.
• Some of these initiatives will require more detailed consideration.
• There is further potential for each government to cooperate with and learn from the other in policy development, service delivery and regulatory approaches.
• Current governance approaches for CER are informal and flexible, and appear reasonably effective. This scoping study identifies some opportunities for improvement.

Background information

Jane Melanie (Assistant Commissioner) 02 6240 3380

Where next for CER? Joint study released

There are more than 30 policy initiatives that would extend trans-Tasman integration to the benefit of Australia and New Zealand, as the two countries prepare to mark the 30th anniversary of Closer Economic Relations (CER) in 2013.

In a joint report to Prime Ministers Gillard and Key released today, the Commissions conclude that CER initiatives have benefited both countries over the past 30 years. Trade restrictions have been greatly reduced on goods traded between the two countries; people move freely 'across the ditch'; and the CER agenda has expanded into new areas 'behind the border'. However, there are further opportunities to strengthen the bilateral economic relationship, particularly in relation to services trade and investment.

New Zealand Productivity Commission Chair Murray Sherwin said, 'CER has been a very successful venture, with initiatives that would not have been possible with any third country. There is more that can be achieved to the benefit of both Australia and New Zealand.'

Gary Banks from the Australian Productivity Commission observed, 'A single economic market is a desirable 'direction of travel' but how far policy initiatives go will emerge from good public policy processes focused on achieving net benefits.'

Both countries operate in a global economy and a dynamic Asian region. The report says that the relationship should remain outward-looking and not impede trade opportunities with other partners. Initiatives should complement productivity-enhancing policies and reforms in each country.

In addition to proposing further liberalisation of trade in goods and services, and capital flows, the report addresses some of the complex issues associated with the free movement of people between the two countries. There is also significant potential for each government to cooperate with and learn from the other in policy development and evaluation.

The Commissions have also identified some enhancements to CER governance arrangements to help meet the challenges of the future, building on the informality and flexibility which have served the relationship well.

• Preliminaries
  • Cover, Copyright and publication detail, Foreword, Terms of reference, Contents, Abbreviations and explanations and Glossary
• Overview
• Chapter 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 What have the Commissions been asked to do?
  • 1.2 Strengthening economic relations
  • 1.3 The Commissions' approach
  • 1.4 Conduct of the scoping study
• Chapter 2 Framework for trans-Tasman integration
  • 2.1 Economic integration and the role of government
  • 2.2 What are the potential impacts of trans-Tasman economic integration?
  • 2.3 How much trans-Tasman integration?
  • 2.4 Identifying the most promising initiatives
  • 2.5 Desirable features of trans-Tasman integration initiatives
  • 2.6 Cross-country distributional effects
• Chapter 3 CER — achievements and implications for the future
  • 3.1 Evolution of the CER agenda
  • 3.2 Achievements of CER
  • 3.3 Implications for the future agenda
• Chapter 4 Opportunities for further integration
  • 4.1 Initiatives underway: key areas to deliver
  • 4.2 'First freedom': trade in goods
  • 4.3 'Second freedom': trade in services
  • 4.4 'Third freedom': capital
  • 4.5 'Fourth freedom': cross border movement of people
  • 4.6 Government and regulatory services
  • 4.7 Options that should not proceed
• Chapter 5 Making it happen
  • 5.1 The forward agenda
  • 5.2 Past and current governance of CER
  • 5.3 Strengthening CER governance
• Appendix A Stakeholder engagement
• References

• Supplementary Paper A: Trade in goods (PDF - 344 Kb)
• Supplementary Paper A: Trade in goods (Word - 107 Kb)

• Supplementary Paper B: Transport services (PDF - 502 Kb)
• Supplementary Paper B: Transport services (Word - 344 Kb)

• Supplementary Paper C: Foreign direct investment (PDF - 488 Kb)
• Supplementary Paper C: Foreign direct investment (Word - 337 Kb)

• Supplementary Paper D: People movement (PDF - 750 Kb)
• Supplementary Paper D: People movement (Word - 467 Kb)

• Supplementary Paper E: Economy-wide modelling of economic integration (PDF - 651 Kb)
• Supplementary Paper E: Economy-wide modelling of economic integration (Word - 251 Kb)

• Supplementary Paper F: Mutual recognition of imputation credits (PDF - 230 Kb)
• Supplementary Paper F: Mutual recognition of imputation credits (Word - 303 Kb)

• Supplementary Paper G: Modelling the effects of mutual recognition of imputation credits (PDF - 892 Kb)
• Supplementary Paper G: Modelling the effects of mutual recognition of imputation credits (Word - 534 Kb)