Report on Government Services 2022

Main aims of services within the sector

Health sector services are concerned with promoting, restoring and maintaining a healthy society with the objective that Australians are born and remain healthy. They involve illness prevention, health promotion, the detection and treatment of illness and injury, and the rehabilitation and palliative care of individuals who experience illness and injury.

Services included in the sector

• Primary and community health
  Includes general practice, pharmaceutical services, dentistry, allied health services, maternal and child health, alcohol and drug treatment and other services.
• Ambulance services
  Includes responding to and treating out-of-hospital medical emergencies.
• Public hospitals
  Includes care provided to admitted and non-admitted patients, including acute and non-acute care and mental health services.
• Services for mental health
  Includes MBS-subsidised mental health services provided by primary and community health providers, State and Territory government specialised mental health services and non-government services providing community-based support.
• Other major areas of government involvement in health provision not covered in the health sections, or elsewhere in the Report, include public health programs, other than those for mental health, and funding for specialist medical practitioners.

Detailed information on the equity, effectiveness and efficiency of service provision and the achievement of outcomes for primary and community health, ambulance, public hospital and services for mental health are contained in the service-specific sections.

Government expenditure in the sector

Total Australian, State and Territory government recurrent expenditure on health services was estimated to be $122.2 billion for the most recent year of available data, around 40.6 per cent of total government expenditure on services covered in this Report. Public hospitals was the largest contributor ($76.7 billion (in 2019-20), table 12A.1), followed by primary and community health ($41.1 billion (in 2019-20), table 10A.1) and ambulance services ($4.4 billion (in 2020-21), table 11A.10). Expenditure for services for mental health was $10.4 billion in 2019-20 (table 13A.1); however, as much of this expenditure is already captured in the public hospital and primary community health expenditure it is not included in the health expenditure total to avoid double counting.

When expenditure by local government and for health services outside the scope of this Report are added, government expenditure in 2019-20 was estimated at $142.6 billion.¹

Flows in the sector

Health services in Australia are delivered by a variety of government and non‑government providers in a range of service settings that do not have a clearly defined path (figure E.1). The most common entry points to the health system in Australia are predominantly via primary and community health services. Ambulance services and public hospital emergency departments can also be first points of contact. Some patients may then progress through the system to become non-admitted or admitted hospital patients (including specialist mental health care) or medical specialist patients. Often a number of cycles of care through various points in the system are required to treat a condition. Finally, some patients will require rehabilitation provided by hospitals or primary and community health services.

Figure E.1 Client flow within the Australian health care system

Sector-wide indicators

Four sector-wide indicators of governments’ objective that Australians are born and remain healthy are reported. Key risk factors affecting the outcomes of these indicators include overweight/obesity, smoking and risky alcohol consumption (data on these risk factors are available in tables EA.3, EA.7 and EA.9).

Babies born of low birthweight

In 2019, 5.2 per cent of babies born in Australia were of low birthweight (table EA.1). The proportion with low birthweight born to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers was more than twice that for babies born to non-Indigenous mothers (figure E.2). Data on the Indigenous status of the baby is available in table EA.1.

Selected potentially preventable diseases

Selected potentially preventable diseases relate to diseases that could have potentially been prevented through the provision of health interventions and early disease management. Diseases covered in this Report include selected cancers, heart attacks and type 2 diabetes.

Nationally in 2018 (excluding the NT), the age standardised rate of new cases for selected cancers was highest for female breast cancer (127.0 per 100 000 females), followed by melanoma, bowel cancer, and lung cancer (53.8, 52.9 and 42.6 per 100 000 population respectively) and lowest for cervical cancer (7.2 per 100 000 females) (table EA.11). More recent data for 2019 are available for three jurisdictions (Victoria, WA and SA) in table EA.11.

Nationally, the age standardised rate of heart attacks (acute coronary events) was 289.0 cases per 100 000 people in 2019 (table EA.14). The national rate has decreased each year over the 10 years included in this Report. The rate for females is less than half the rate for males.

Nationally in 2011-12 (the only year of data available), an estimated 4.3 per cent of adults had type 2 diabetes, with rates higher for males compared with females (table EA.23).

Life expectancy

The average life expectancy at birth in the period 1901–1910 was 55.2 years for males and 58.8 years for females.² It has risen steadily in each decade since, reaching 81.2 years for males and 85.3 years for females in 2018–2020 (table EA.29). The life expectancy of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is considerably lower than that of other people with a life expectancy at birth of 71.6 years for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males and 75.6 years for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander females born 2015–2017. In the same time period, life expectancy at birth for non‑Indigenous males was 80.2 years and for non‑Indigenous females was 83.4 years (table EA.30 (headline estimates)).

Mortality rates

The national age standardised mortality rate, measured in deaths per 100 000 people, was 488.7 in 2020 — a decrease from 2019 (figure E.3). In line with life expectancy data, mortality rates are higher for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people compared to non-Indigenous people (table EA.32).

Perinatal and children

Mortality data are separately reported for children for perinatal deaths (fetal deaths [still births] and neonatal deaths [death of an infant within 28 days of birth]), infant deaths (children aged 0<1 year) and infant and child deaths (children aged 0<5 years).

There were 8.4 perinatal deaths per 1000 births (table EA.41) in 2020, of which around 70 per cent were fetal deaths and the remainder neonatal deaths (tables EA.39–41).

Over the last 10 years, the annual infant mortality rate in Australia has ranged from an average of 3.1 deaths per 1000 live births (2018 and 2016) to 3.8 deaths per 1000 live births (2011). In 2020, the rate was 3.2 deaths per 1000 live births (table EA.33). The Australian infant and child combined mortality rate (3-year average) has decreased over time from 98.9 deaths per 100 000 population in 2009–2011 to 73.1 deaths per 100 000 population in 2018–2020 (table EA.35).

Causes and prevention

The most common causes of death among all Australians in 2020 were cancers and diseases of the circulatory system (including heart disease, heart attack and stroke), though rates for both have reduced significantly from 2009 (table EA.37). Data by Indigenous status are available in table EA.38.

Many deaths can potentially be prevented through individualised care and/or are treatable through existing primary or hospital care. Nationally, there were 97.4 potentially avoidable deaths per 100 000 people in 2020 — the lowest rate for 10 years of data included in this Report (table EA.26). The rate of potentially avoidable deaths in 2016–2020 for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people was more than three times the rate for other people, but similar to the total population is the lowest rate for 10 years of data in this Report (table EA.27).

Download data tables

These data tables relate to the sector as a whole. Data specific to individual service areas are in the data tables under the relevant service area.

• Health data tables (XLSX - 375 Kb)
• Health dataset (CSV - 841 Kb)

  See the Sector overview text and corresponding table number in the data tables above for detailed definitions, caveats, footnotes and data source(s).

Footnotes

1. AIHW Health Expenditure Database; Australian Bureau of Statistics, Taxation revenue, Australia, 2019–20 (AIHW customised report). Locate Footnote 1 above
2. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2010, Deaths Australia 2009, ABS website. Locate Footnote 2 above