Report on Government Services 2023

The ECEC sector provides a range of services for children based on their age and education, care and development needs. ECEC services provide the following broad service types:

• Child care services — provide education and care services to children aged 0–12 years including the following service types: centre based day care; family day care; outside school hours care (OSHC); and other care (see the 'Explanatory material' tab for definitions).
• Preschool services — are services that deliver a preschool program. A ‘preschool program’ is a structured, play‑based learning program, delivered by a qualified teacher, aimed at children in the year or two before they commence full time schooling (table 3.1).

An ECEC service may offer more than one service type, such as centre based day care and OSHC (both child care services). The most common type of integrated service is a preschool program delivered within centre based day care. The range of service types offered differs across states and territories and between service providers.

ECEC services can also provide other non-education services such as maternal and child health services and family support services. The services provided differ according to community need, with more extensive services often being provided in disadvantaged communities.

The Australian, State and Territory governments have different but complementary roles in ECEC. In 2021-22, the Australian Government’s main roles and responsibilities included:

• paying the Child Care Subsidy (CCS)¹ which is generally paid directly to child care providers. The types of child care for which families receive subsidised care are in table 3.2
• providing funding to State and Territory governments to support the achievement of universal access to early childhood education, through the National Partnership Agreement on Universal Access to Early Childhood Education (NP UAECE)
• providing operational and capital funding to some providers.

Table 3.2 Summary of ECEC service funding by Australian, State and Territory governments, 2021-22

		NSW	Vic	Qld	WA	SA	Tasa	ACTb	NTc	Aust
Funded child care services, for service types:	Centre based day care
	OSHC
	Family day care
	In home care
Funded preschool services / programs, in:	Local government / community preschools
	For-profit centre based day care
	Not-for-profit centre based day care
	Government school
	Non-government school

Government provides funding to at least one of these services.
Government does not provide funding to any of these services.

a In Tasmania, some child care services may receive funding under an annual, small capital grants (minor infrastructure) program. These services are not included in this table unless they also receive recurrent funding. b In the ACT, child care services and preschool services outside the government sector may receive support through capital grants, rental subsidies, and funding through budget initiatives. These services are not included in this table unless they also receive recurrent funding. c The NT Government also provide funding to 3 year old kindergarten services.

Source: Australian, State and Territory governments (unpublished).

State and Territory governments’ roles and responsibilities vary across jurisdictions but mainly include:

• funding and/or providing preschool services and, in some cases, providing funding to child care services (including some that also receive Australian Government funding)
• providing funding to support the implementation of the NP UAECE
• regulating approved services under the National Quality Framework (NQF) and licensing and/or registering child care services not approved under the NQF
• implementing strategies to improve the quality of ECEC programs
• providing curriculum, information, support, advice, and training and development to ECEC providers.

Local governments also plan, fund and deliver ECEC, but due to data limitations, the only local government data included in this section are those involving Australian, State and Territory government funding and/or licensing.

1. The CCS replaced the Child Care Benefit and Child Care Rebate from 2 July 2018. The Child Care Subsidy System (CCSS) has been introduced to manage the payment and administration of the CCS and is the source of these data. There are some changes to reporting under the CCSS. In particular, the introduction of new categories Centre based day care (a consolidation of long day care and occasional care previously reported separately) and Outside school hours care (a consolidation of outside school hours care and vacation care previously reported separately) and no longer separately identifying Budget based funded services. Locate Footnote 1 above

Total Australian, State and Territory real government recurrent and capital expenditure on ECEC services was $12.9 billion in 2021-22, an increase of 1.5 per cent from 2020-21. Australian Government expenditure accounted for $10.3 billion (79.7 per cent) and State and Territory government expenditure $2.6 billion, with preschool services accounting for 85.4 per cent of the State and Territory government expenditure (figure 3.1).

Australian Government expenditure of $472.5 million allocated to State and Territory governments in 2021-22 through the NP UAECE (table 3A.7) is included under State and Territory government expenditure.

Services delivering ECEC

In 2022², there were 13 993 Australian Government CCS approved child care services in Australia (table 3.3). Some child care services do not receive Australian Government funding and are funded by State and Territory governments only or do not receive any government funding.

In 2022, there were 12 999 ECEC services in Australia delivering preschool programs (table 3.4). Of these services, 8685 (66.8 per cent) were delivered from centre based day care and the remainder were delivered from stand-alone preschool services or preschool services attached to a school.

Children using ECEC

In 2022³, 1 329 656 (32.4 per cent of) children aged 0–12 years attended Australian Government CCS approved child care services, an increase from 1 315 428 in 2021. This follows a decrease in attendance of children aged 6–12 years from 2020 reflecting, at least in part, reduced use of OSHC due to the impacts of COVID-19 (tables 3A.14–15).

In 2022, 553 542 children were enrolled in a preschool program, which includes children attending a preschool program for 3 year olds (table 3A.18)⁴. Of these children, 284 086 were enrolled in a preschool program in the state-specific year before full time schooling (YBFS) (table 3A.17). The total enrolment figure provides an estimate of service activity, whilst the state-specific YBFS enrolment figure provides an estimate of the cohort for whom the year of preschool is in the year before they are anticipated to attend full time school.

2. Data for 2022 related to Australian Government CCS approved child care services are for the March quarter. Locate Footnote 2 above
3. Data for 2022 related to Australian Government CCS approved child care services are for the March quarter. Locate Footnote 3 above
4. Data reported for 3 year olds enrolled in a preschool program may be incomplete due to different reporting arrangements in each jurisdiction. Locate Footnote 4 above

‘ECEC participation by selected equity groups’ is an indicator of governments’ objective to provide ECEC services in an equitable manner, and that there is access for, and participation of, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, vulnerable and disadvantaged children.

‘ECEC participation by selected equity groups’ is defined by two measures:

• Children using child care — the proportion of children enrolled in Australian Government CCS approved child care services who are from selected equity groups, compared with their representation in the community, for those aged 0–5, 6–12 and 0–12 years
• Preschool program participation — the proportion of children enrolled in a preschool program in the YBFS who are from selected equity groups, compared with the representation of these groups in the community for those aged 4–5 years. This measure is also reported for children aged 3–5 years.

Selected equity groups include children:

• who are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
• from non-English speaking backgrounds (NESB)
• from regional and remote areas
• from low-income families (measure 1 only), or from low socioeconomic areas (measure 2 only). A low socioeconomic area is defined for measure 2 to be children residing in an area with a Socioeconomic Indexes for Areas Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage quintile of 1
• with disability.

A high or increasing ECEC participation rate is desirable. Equitable access is suggested if participation of selected equity groups is similar to their representation in the community.

Nationally, children from selected equity groups had lower participation in child care than their representation in the community, except for children with disability aged 0–5 (figure 3.2a and table 3A.11).

Nationally, children from low socioeconomic and remote areas, from NESB and children with disability had lower participation in preschool in the state-specific YBFS than the representation of 4–5 years olds in the community. For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and children from regional areas it was higher (figure 3.2b and table 3A.13).

For children aged 3–5 years, participation of selected equity groups in a preschool program is lower than their representation in the community (table 3A.12).

‘ECEC participation’ is an indicator of governments’ objective to ensure that ECEC services are accessible.

‘ECEC participation’ is defined by two measures:

• Children using child care — the proportion of children who are enrolled in Australian Government CCS approved child care services by age group (0–5, 6–12 and 0–12 years)
• Preschool program participation — the proportion of children who are enrolled in a preschool program in the YBFS.

A higher or increasing proportion of children participating in ECEC services is desirable. However, this indicator can be difficult to interpret as this indicator does not provide information on parental preferences for using child care and preschool.

Nationally in 2022, 32.4 per cent of children aged 0–12 years attended Australian Government CCS approved child care, up from 27.3 per cent in 2013. Attendance by children aged 0–5 years in 2022 was 48.2 per cent compared with attendance of those aged 6–12 years which was 19.8 per cent (figure 3.3a).

The average hours of attendance in Australian Government CCS approved child care in 2022 varied considerably across jurisdictions for all service types (table 3A.16). Nationally, average attendance per child was 31.8 hours per week for centre-based day care and 24.5 hours per week for family day care, but considerably less for OSHC (10.3 per cent). The average hours of attendance across service types in 2022 is similar to that for 2021 (table 3A.16).

Nationally in 2022, 89.1 per cent of children were enrolled in a preschool program in the state-specific YBFS, up from 87.2 per cent in 2021 (figure 3.3b).

To be considered as enrolled, the child must have attended the preschool program for at least one hour during the reference period, or be absent due to illness or extended holiday leave and expected to return. State and Territory data are based on the location of the child’s residence.

In 2022, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children had a higher enrolment rate in a preschool program in the state-specific YBFS (98.7 per cent) compared to all children (tables 3A.17 and 3A.20). This trend has been consistent over the last 4 years. The majority of all children and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children enrolled in a preschool program aged in the state-specific YBFS were enrolled for at least 15 hours per week (96.9 per cent and 97.1 per cent respectively) (tables 3A.19 and 3A.21).

‘Parent costs for ECEC services’ is an indicator of governments’ objective to ensure that ECEC services are affordable.

‘Parent costs for ECEC services’ is defined by three measures:

• Child care service costs — the median weekly cost for 50 hours of Australian Government CCS approved centre based day care and family day care. Costs are before the reduction due to the CCS or Child Care Rebate.
• Child care costs as a proportion of weekly disposable income — the proportion of weekly disposable income that families spend on centre based day care and family day care before and after the payment of child care subsidies, for families with two income earners with a 60:40 income split and gross annual income of $35 000, $55 000, $75 000, $95 000, $115 000, $135 000, $155 000, $175 000, $195 000 and $215 000. This proportion is reported for families with one child attending centre based day care or family day care for 30 hours
• Preschool program costs — the median hourly cost of a preschool program (after subsidies), per child enrolled aged 4 and 5 years.

Median costs represent the middle value of the range of costs.

Provided the service quality is held constant, lower median service costs are desirable. While a similar proportion of income spent across income groups suggests a more equitable outcome, families who use more care per week are expected to face higher out‑of‑pocket costs.

Various factors influence ECEC costs and care needs to be exercised when interpreting results, as:

• fees are set independently by ECEC service providers and there is significant variation in the fees across services
• costs are influenced by a number of factors including NQF approval requirements, award wages, and whether fees include charges for additional services such as nappies and meals, as well as localised issues such as, land values and rental costs, rates, and other localised costs of living
• median costs data may reflect particular scenarios of ECEC use and family income level, so do not reflect the out‑of‑pocket costs by families at varying levels of income or care usage
• for preschool program costs, there are a mix of providers (community, private and government). Differences in charging practices can be due to commercial or cost recovery decisions made by individual services. Some preschool programs, particularly those offered at government preschool services, have no tuition fees.

The median weekly cost for 50 hours of care in 2022 was higher for centre based day care ($565) than for family day care ($550) (figure 3.4). Median weekly costs differ across remoteness areas. In 2022, the median weekly cost of centre based day care in major cities and inner regional areas ($570) was higher than in outer regional and remote areas ($528) (table 3A.22).

Nationally in 2022, child care subsidies reduced the out‑of‑pocket costs for 30 hours of day care for all family income categories. However, the subsidies had a greater impact (as a proportion of family income) for lower income families, reducing the variation in the child care costs across income categories (table 3A.23).

Across jurisdictions in 2022, the out‑of‑pocket costs after subsidies for families with one child in 30 hours of child care, as a proportion of weekly disposable income (after subsidies), were similar for centre based day care and family day care (table 3.5a). Out-of-pocket costs for both centre based day care and family day care were generally higher for middle and higher income levels as a proportion of gross family income than lower income levels (table 3A.23).

Nationally, the median cost per hour for a preschool program (after subsidies) per child was $2.88 in 2022, up from $2.04 in 2021 (table 3.5b). Median hourly costs differ across remoteness areas. In 2022, the median hourly cost of preschool programs (after subsidies) in major cities was $3.24, compared to $2.00 in regional areas (table 3A.25).

‘Non‑standard hours of care in child care services’ is an indicator of governments’ objective to ensure that government funded child care services are accessible and flexible.

‘Non‑standard hours of care in child care services’ is defined as the proportion of Australian Government CCS approved child care services that provide non‑standard hours of care, by service type. Definitions of ‘standard hours’ and ‘non‑standard hours’ are provided in the 'Explanatory material' tab.

A high or increasing proportion of services providing non‑standard hours of care can suggest greater flexibility of services to meet the needs of families. That said, this indicator does not provide information on demand for non‑standard hours of care or whether available non‑standard hours services meet the needs of users.

Provision of non‑standard hours of care can be influenced by a range of factors, such as costs to services and parents, demand for care, availability of carers, and compliance with legislative requirements.

In the March quarter 2022, 42.5 per cent of all CCS approved child care services provided non-standard hours of care. CCS approved services mainly provided non-standard hours of care before 7am on weekdays. In this quarter, 62.2 per cent of in-home care services provided non-standard hours of care, followed by family day care with 53.8 per cent, OSHC with 43.2 per cent and centre based day care with 41.5 per cent (table 3.6).

‘Demand for ECEC’ is an indicator of governments’ objective to ensure that ECEC services are accessible.

‘Demand for ECEC’ is defined as the proportion of children aged 0–12 years for whom additional formal child care or preschool services were currently required.

Additional care currently required refers to children who were already attending formal child care or preschool and parents wished for them to attend more, as well as children who did not attend any formal child care or preschool and parents wished for them to attend.

An increasing proportion of children with expressed need for additional ECEC may suggest that additional services are required. However, caution should be used when interpreting these data as they are not intended to represent the ‘unmet demand’ for formal child care or preschool services. The data do not identify the likelihood that a parent will take steps to access the care or preschool they require, or place their child in this care or preschool. Various factors including cost, location and the perceived suitability or quality of the service will have an influence on whether parents take these steps.

In 2017, 9.3 per cent of 0–12 year olds required additional formal child care or preschool (figure 3.5). This comprised 5.6 per cent who had used formal child care or preschool in the past week, 1.4 per cent who had used only informal child care, and 2.3 per cent who had not used any child care or preschool (table 3A.27). However, of those that reported requiring additional services, less than one-third had applied for them.

When looking at the reasons why additional care was required, 3.7 per cent required additional formal child care due mainly to a work related reason (table 3A.27). Results for 2017 are similar to 2014.

A higher proportion of children aged 0–5 years require additional child care (15.8 per cent) compared to all children aged 0–12 years (9.3 per cent) (tables 3A.27-28). Results for 2017 are similar to 2014.

‘Staff quality in ECEC’ is an indicator of governments’ objective to ensure that ECEC services are high quality.

‘Staff quality in ECEC’ is defined by two measures:

• The proportion of paid primary contact staff employed by Australian Government CCS approved child care services with a relevant formal qualification (at or above Certificate level III), or three or more years of relevant experience.
• The proportion of teachers accessible to preschool programs (across all ECEC services) who are at least three year university trained and early childhood qualified.

High or increasing proportions are desirable due to the link between education levels of ECEC staff and children’s learning outcomes.

In 2021, 82.1 per cent of the 183 315 paid primary contact staff employed by Australian Government CCS approved child care services had a relevant formal qualification (at or above Certificate level III), or three or more years of experience (table 3.7). Of all paid primary contact staff, 26.4 per cent held Certificate III or IV, 38.1 per cent held a diploma or advanced diploma, and 11.5 per cent held a bachelor degree or above (table 3A.29).

‘NQF quality and compliance’ is an indicator of governments’ objectives to ensure that ECEC services are high quality and are delivered in a safe, nurturing and inclusive environment.

‘NQF quality and compliance’ is defined by two measures:

• Achievement of National Quality Standard (NQS) — defined as the proportion of NQF approved services with a quality rating, whose overall NQS rating is: ‘Meeting NQS’, ‘Exceeding NQS’ or ‘Excellent’.

  Services receive an overall rating of Meeting NQS if they are rated as Meeting or Exceeding NQS in all seven quality areas. Services receive an overall rating of Exceeding NQS if four or more quality areas are rated as Exceeding NQS, including two of the four following quality areas: Quality Area 1, Quality Area 5, Quality Area 6 and Quality Area 7. The Excellent rating can only be awarded by the Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority (ACECQA), on application by the Approved Provider (ACECQA 2019) (see the 'Explanatory material' tab for further information on NQS achievement).

  A high proportion of services that achieve the NQS suggests a high quality of service provision.

• Confirmed breaches — defined as the number of confirmed breaches by NQF approved services, per 100 NQF approved services.

  A confirmed breach is when a regulatory authority finds that a provider, nominated supervisor or family day care educator has failed to abide by relevant legislation, regulations or conditions at an NQF approved service.

  Breaches vary in circumstance and severity. Some breaches can have serious implications for the quality of care provided to children (such as requirements to undertake criminal record checks for staff and requirements to install smoke detectors). Other breaches do not necessarily directly affect the quality of care (such as requirements to display NQF approval information).

  All else being equal, a low or decreasing rate of confirmed breaches can suggest a higher quality service. A high or increasing rate of confirmed breaches does not necessarily mean that a jurisdiction has lower service safety and quality, as it might mean it has a more effective reporting and monitoring regime.

The majority of ECEC services are approved and regulated under the NQF, including child care services (centre based day care, family day care, vacation care and OSHC) and preschool services. As at 30 June 2022, there were 16 986 NQF approved ECEC services nationally — up from 16 452 the year before (table 3A.30). Some ECEC services are licensed and/or registered to operate by State and Territory governments, but are not approved under the NQF, including occasional care and mobile preschools (State and Territory governments, unpublished).

At 30 June 2022, 90.4 per cent of NQF approved services had received a quality rating, with 9.1 per cent of services assessed or reassessed in the previous 12 months (table 3A.30). Overall, a higher proportion of centre based day care services (90.6 per cent) have received a quality rating than family day care services (84.7 per cent) (table 3A.30).

Of the NQF approved services that had been rated, 87.5 per cent achieved the NQS (60.4 per cent met, 26.9 per cent exceeded, and 0.2 per cent were excellent) — up from 86.1 per cent at 30 June 2021 (figure 3.6).

The proportion of NQF approved services with a rating level that achieved the NQS was highest for quality areas 5 (relationships with children — 97.4 per cent), 6 (Collaborative partnerships with families and communities — 97.2 per cent) and 4 (staffing arrangements — 96.5 per cent). The quality area with the lowest proportion of services that achieved the NQS was quality area 1 (educational program and practice — 91.1 per cent) (table 3A.32).

Nationally in 2021-22, there were 162.2 confirmed breaches per 100 NQF approved services, a small fall from the previous year. The highest rate was for family day care (441.0 breaches per 100 services), though this rate is lower than in 2021 (table 3.8).

Data on actions taken by regulatory authorities in response to confirmed breaches were not available for this Report arising from a change in IT systems by the Australian Childhood Education and Care Quality Authority.

‘Serious incidents’ is an indicator of governments’ objective to ensure that ECEC services are delivered in a safe environment.

‘Serious incidents’ is defined as the number of serious incidents that have occurred at NQF approved services, per 100 NQF approved services. Serious incidents are incidents that seriously compromise the health, safety or wellbeing of children attending an ECEC service.

The scope of the serious incidents indicator is NQF approved services. Under regulation, an NQF approved service must notify the regulatory authority (within 24 hours) of any serious incident that involves a child that was being educated and cared for by an ECEC service.

Serious incidents includes any incidents: involving the death of a child; involving serious injury or trauma to, or illness of, a child; where the attendance of emergency services was sought (or ought reasonably to have been sought); and where a child has been locked in/out, removed from the premises in contravention of regulations, or is unaccounted for — see the 'Explanatory material' tab.

A low or decreasing rate of serious incidents may suggest safer ECEC services. Caution should be used in interpreting results within and across jurisdictions as variations may be affected by differences in the number of children (or hours of service delivery) per service. Nationally comparable data are not currently available on the number of children enrolled (or hours of service delivery provided) in NQF approved services. It should also be noted that the rate of serious incidents reflects the reporting practices of approved providers which can vary.

Nationally in 2021-22, there were 123.8 serious incidents per 100 NQF approved services, down slightly from 125.2 in 2020-21, but still the second highest for the six years of available data (figure 3.7). The majority related to incidents involving the serious injury or trauma to, or illness of, a child (78.1 per cent of all serious incidents) followed by incidents where the attendance of emergency services was sought (or ought reasonably to have been sought) (12.5 per cent) (table 3A.34).

‘Government recurrent expenditure per child’ is an indicator of governments’ objective for ECEC services to be efficient.

Government recurrent expenditure per child is defined by two measures:

• Total government recurrent expenditure on ECEC per child in ECEC — the combined Australian Government and State and Territory government recurrent expenditure on ECEC per child in ECEC (children in child care and preschool services).
• Australian Government recurrent expenditure per child attending CCS approved child care — the Australian Government recurrent expenditure per child aged 0–12 years attending Australian Government CCS approved child care services.

Efficiency data should be interpreted with care because:

• changes in expenditure per child could represent changes in government funding policy. While high or increasing unit costs can reflect deteriorating efficiency, they can also reflect increases in the quality or quantity of service provided. Similarly, low or declining expenditure per child can reflect improving efficiency or lower quality or quantity. Provided the level and quality of, and access to, services remain unchanged, lower expenditure per child can indicate greater efficiency of government expenditure
• differences in reported efficiency results across jurisdictions can reflect differences in definitions and counting and reporting rules.

All Australian Government recurrent expenditure reported for this indicator is provided for child care services, whereas State and Territory government recurrent expenditure covers both child care and preschool services.

In 2021-22, combined Australian Government and State and Territory government real recurrent expenditure on ECEC per child in ECEC was $8706, an increase of 0.9 per cent since 2020-21 (figure 3.8).

Contextual data on the combined government recurrent expenditure on ECEC per child in the community is reported in table 3A.36.

Australian Government real recurrent expenditure per child attending CCS approved child care services was $7715 in 2021-22, down from 2020-21 ($7839) (table 3.9).

‘Family work‑related needs for child care’ is an indicator of governments’ objective for ECEC services to meet the needs of families, including enabling increased workforce participation.

‘Family work‑related needs for child care’ is defined as the proportion of people aged 15 years and over not in the labour force due to caring for children, who report the main reason for not being in the labour force as child care service‑related.

A relatively small or decreasing proportion of people not in the labour force due to caring for children who report the main reason for not being in the labour force as child care service‑related may indicate that services are meeting the needs of families. However, there are a number of factors which affect the labour force participation decisions of people responsible for caring for children, of which child care service‑related reasons are a subset. Also, due to the subjective nature of self‑reporting, care should be taken when interpreting the data, particularly for child care service‑related reasons.

The ABS data used for reporting against this indicator are collected in February of each year.

Of the 233 800 people aged 15 years and over who in 2022 reported that they were not in the labour force due to caring for children, 28.1 per cent reported this was due to a childcare service‑related reason (figure 3.9).

The most common child care service-related reason provided for not being in the labour force was the cost of child care (21.4 per cent). The most common non-child care service related reason was a preference to look after children (32.2 per cent) or children were ‘too young or too old’ for child care services (16.4 per cent) (table 3A.38).

‘ECEC outcomes’ is an indicator of governments’ objective to provide ECEC services that meet the education, care, and development needs of children.

‘ECEC outcomes’ is defined as the proportion of children with ECEC experience who are developmentally vulnerable on one or more domains of the Australian Early Development Census (AEDC).

The AEDC collects data from teachers on the early childhood development of children when they are in their first year of full time schooling. Children are considered developmentally vulnerable in a domain if they score below the 10^th percentile. The domains are: language and cognitive skills; physical health and wellbeing; social competence; emotional maturity; and communications skills and general knowledge.

A low proportion of children who received ECEC reported as developmentally vulnerable is desirable and a lower proportion of children who received some ECEC reported as developmentally vulnerable compared to children who did not receive any ECEC could indicate that receiving ECEC leads to better development outcomes. However, results should be interpreted with caution as:

• these data report on the correlation between ECEC experience and development outcomes. The causal impact of ECEC experience on development outcomes cannot be determined from these data
• ECEC experience is just one factor contributing to development. A range of other factors also influence development outcomes, including parental and family circumstances and other services such as health and parenting support
• ECEC experience is reported by the teacher, and therefore, dependent on the teacher’s knowledge of the child’s previous experience
• the data do not include how much ECEC (for example, hours per week) children received
• not all children in the dataset have a complete response for whether or not they attended ECEC.

In 2021, 22.0 per cent of children in their first year of full-time schooling were developmentally vulnerable on one or more domains — slightly higher than 2018 and the same as 2015 and 2012. Children who received some ECEC were less likely to be developmentally vulnerable on one or more domains (20.3 per cent in 2021, higher than previous years), compared to children who did not receive any ECEC (40.7 per cent in 2021, up from 2018, 2015 and 2012) (figure 3.10).