Report on Government Services 2022

The operation of corrective services is significantly influenced by, and in turn influences, other components of the criminal justice system such as police services and courts. The management of prisoners and of offenders serving community corrections orders is the core business of all corrective services agencies. However, the legislative frameworks governing and impacting on corrective services, for example sentencing acts, vary widely. The scope of the responsibilities of these agencies also varies, for example, functions administered by corrective services in one jurisdiction may be administered by a different justice sector agency in another, such as the management of prisoners held in court cells.

This section reports on the performance of corrective services, which include prison custody and a range of community corrections orders and programs for adult offenders¹ (for example, parole and community work orders). Both public and privately operated correctional facilities are included; however, the scope of this section generally does not extend to:

• youth justice (reported on in section 17, Youth justice services)
• prisoners or alleged offenders held in forensic mental health facilities to receive psychiatric care (who are usually the responsibility of health departments)
• prisoners held in police custody (reported on in section 6, Police services)
• people held in facilities such as immigration detention centres.

1. Adult offenders in prison and community corrections are aged 18 years and over in all Australian states and territories.

Corrective services are the responsibility of State and Territory governments, which may deliver services directly, purchase them through contractual arrangements or operate a combination of both arrangements. All jurisdictions maintained government operated prison facilities during the reporting period while private prisons operated in five jurisdictions (NSW, Victoria, Queensland, WA and SA).

Community corrections is responsible for administering a range of non-custodial sanctions and also manages prisoners who are released into the community and continue to be subject to corrective services supervision. These services vary in the extent and nature of supervision, the conditions of the order (such as a community work component or a requirement to attend an offender program) and the level of restriction placed on the offender’s freedom of movement in the community (for example, home detention).

No single objective or set of characteristics is common to all jurisdictions’ community corrections services, other than that they generally provide a non-custodial sentencing alternative or a post-custodial mechanism for reintegrating prisoners into the community under continued supervision. In some jurisdictions, community corrections responsibility includes managing offenders on supervised bail orders. Table 8.1 shows the range of sanctions involving corrective services that operated in each jurisdiction during the reporting period.

Nationally in 2020-21, expenditure (net of revenues) on corrective services was just under $4.19 billion for prisons and $0.71 billion for community corrections² (table 8A.1). Expenditure plus depreciation (matching expenditure reporting by other justice sector agencies) was $5.43 billion – a real increase of 5.1 per cent from 2019-20 (table 8A.2). Changes in expenditure need to be considered in the context of the growth in corrective services populations over time.

2. This expenditure is net of operating revenues and excludes capital costs (depreciation, user cost of capital and debt service fees), payroll tax, and expenditure on transport/escort services and prisoner health. Some jurisdictions are unable to fully disaggregate transport costs and/or health expenditure from other prison operating costs. See table 8A.1 for detailed definitions, footnotes and caveats.

Prison custody

Corrective services operated 115 custodial facilities nationally at 30 June 2021, comprising 88 government operated prisons, 10 privately operated prisons, four transitional centres, and thirteen 24-hour court cell complexes (holding prisoners under the responsibility of corrective services in NSW) (table 8A.3).

On average, 42 090 people per day were held in Australian prisons during 2020-21, of which 82.6 per cent were held in secure facilities (table 8A.4). A daily average of 8426 prisoners (20.0 per cent of the prisoner population), were held in privately operated facilities during the year. Nationally, female prisoners represented 7.7 per cent of the daily average prison population, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander prisoners represented 29.9 per cent of the daily average population.

In 2020-21, the national imprisonment rate was 210.1 per 100 000 people in the relevant adult population (figure 8.1). While this represents an increase of 25.5 per cent since 2011-12 (figure 8.1) it is also the second consecutive annual decrease nationally in the 10 years of reported data. The rate for males (395.4 per 100 000 males) was over 12 times the rate for females (31.7 per 100 000 females) (table 8A.5).

The national crude imprisonment rate per 100 000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population was 2359.4 in 2020-21 compared with a rate of 149.4 for the non-Indigenous population (table 8A.5). Comparisons of imprisonment rates should be made with care, especially for states and territories with relatively small Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. Small changes in prisoner numbers can cause variations in rates that do not accurately represent either real trends over time or consistent differences from other jurisdictions.

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population has a younger age profile compared with the non-Indigenous population, which contributes to higher crude imprisonment rates. After adjusting for differences in population age structures, the national age-standardised imprisonment rate per 100 000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population in 2020-21 was 1913.5, compared with a corresponding rate of 161.4 for the non-Indigenous population (figure 8.2). Therefore, after taking into account the effect of differences in the age profiles between the two populations, the national imprisonment rate for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population is 11.9 times greater than for the non-Indigenous population. Rates that do not take age profile differences into account are 15.8 times greater.

While imprisonment rates for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, whether calculated on a crude or age-standardised basis, are higher than those for the non‑Indigenous population, the majority of prisoners are non‑Indigenous. Ten-year trends in daily average numbers and rates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non‑Indigenous prisoners are reported in table 8A.6.

Community corrections

Nationally, on a daily average, there were 15.6 offenders for every one (full time equivalent) community corrections staff member in 2020‑21 (table 8A.7). Nationally, an average of 78 514 offenders per day were serving community corrections orders in 2020-21 (table 8A.8), with female offenders representing 19.2 per cent of the offender population (higher than the proportion in the prison population), and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander offenders representing 22.3 per cent of the offender population (lower than the proportion in the prison population).

In 2020-21, the national crude community corrections rate was 391.9 per 100 000 relevant adult population. This is higher than the rate of 315.1 in 2011-12 but represents the first national decline in rates since 2012-13 (figure 8.3). The rate for female offenders was 147.7 compared with 645.2 for male offenders (table 8A.5).

The national crude rate for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population was 3285.7 offenders per 100 000 relevant adult population, compared with 302.1 for the non-Indigenous population (table 8A.5). After adjusting for differences in population age structures, the age-standardised rate per 100 000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population in 2020‑21 was 2637.9, compared with a rate of 310.2 for the non-Indigenous population (figure 8.4). Therefore, after taking into account the effect of differences in the age profiles between the two populations, the national Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community corrections rate is 8.5 times greater than for the non-Indigenous population. Rates that do not take age profile differences into account are 10.9 times greater.

As with prisoners, comparisons should be made with care because small changes in offender numbers in jurisdictions with relatively small Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations can cause variations in rates that do not accurately represent either real trends over time or consistent differences from other jurisdictions. Ten-year trends are reported in table 8A.9.